Capítulo 5. Cooperatives' role on the socio-economic integration of forcibly displaced people
| Autor | Anil Güven Yüksel |
| Páginas | 159-175 |
CAPÍTULO 5.
COOPERATIVES’ ROLE ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC
INTEGRATION OF FORCIBLY DISPLACED PEOPLE
Anil Güven Yüksel
Profesor de la Facultad de Derecho
Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University
I. INTRODUCTION
Social and economic integration of the forcible displaced people in the
host countries has been an essential topic not only for the arguments regarding
the economic welfare of the societies but also for the relevant discussions
on directly the democracy. Besides the migrant-specific general policies in
national level, their socio-economic integration must be conceived as a matter
of participation in labour life at regional and local grounds. Forced migrants
meet with many obstacles to find legal, decent work positions, commonly
because of a discrimination on one hand, and so the illegal working positions
they could finally find in unprotected conditions feed the negative social
reaction and exclusion gradually, on the other. In this regard, the peace and
security in the society, so the importance of social justice and so the economic
development come into light. In this article, firstly the integration of the
forced migrants along with the general policies for immigrants of all purposes
will be examined (ii. The Concept of Forcibly Displaced People). Secondly, in the
third subtitle, the role of the cooperatives on this integration in general terms
will be shortly revealed (iii. Socio-Economic Integration and the Cooperatives). And
finally, this claimed role of the cooperatives is intended to be analysed over
some actual practices in Turkey and Spain, comparatively (iv. Comparative
Examination of the Cooperatives’ Role).
160 Anil Güven Yüksel
II. THE CONCEPT OF FORCIBLY DISPLACED PEOPLE
2.1. Forced Migration and Different Categories for the Non-
nationals in International Law
Migration, as the fundamental reason of having a fast-developing law for
aliens/noncitizens/foreigners, is generally the geographical displacement
of people within the borders of a country or towards a different country for
natural, social, economic or political reasons (CUMMINGS / PACITTO
/ LAURO, 2015: 15). Regardless of the type (voluntary/forced, internal/
external, individual/mass, temporary/permanent etc.), all kinds of
population movements (refugees, asylum seekers, economic migrants, etc.)
are included in the concept of migration (PASTORE, 2015: 571). Migration
refers to “relocation across an international border or within a state; therefore,
a population movements, in which people are displaced regardless of their
duration, structure and reason” (IOM, 2011: 22). However, the response of
the international law, and so in a mutual sense, the national legislations to
the different kinds of the movements varies depending on the necessity of the
legal protection, which the category of the movement requires.
Migration is basically divided into two as internal migration and
international migration: Internal migration refers to displacement within
the borders of a country, while international migration can occur in three
different ways as immigration, emigration and transit migration (DÜVELL,
2010: 425) International migration is the departure of people from their
country of origin or their habitual residence to settle in another country,
temporarily or permanently (IOM, 2011). According to the number of
immigrants, it can be classified as “individual migration” or “mass migration”.
Mass migration refers to the movement in which a part of the society or a
large number of people participate, while individual migration refers to the
situations in which the person migrates personally or with their close family.
Additionally, the term “regular migration” and “irregular migration” are of the
most common terminology in today’s literature as being the highest interest
of the sovereign hosting states. In irregular immigration, firstly the entry, and
accordingly the residence or work in the country of departure is problematic
and as a result, in most of the cases, the immigrant does not have the official
permits or documents required by the legal regulations (ORRENIUS, 2016).
Another relevant and as well as essential distinction in international migration
terminology appears with the concepts of forced migration and voluntary
migration. In this context, voluntary migration takes place according to
people’s own wishes and with their free will, while forced migration is a general
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