Transparency in European Trade Policymaking: the TTIP Negotiations as a Case Study
| Autor | Fernando Dias Simões |
| Páginas | 351-374 |
351351
CAPÍTULO 14
Transparency in European Trade
Policymaking: the TTIP Negotiations
as a Case Study
1. (LACK OF) TRANSPARENCY IN
THE TTIP NEGOTIATIONS
e negotiations for a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partner-
ship (TTIP) have been marked by plenty of controversy. A number of civil
society organisations have been vigorously working to increase mobilisation
against the agreement.1 Political opposition to the TTIP is also substantial
in several European countries.2 One of the most widespread criticisms re-
1 See, e.g., Corporate Europe Observatory, ‘International Trade’, https://corpora-
teeurope.org/international-trade; e Greens and European Free Alliance in the
European Parliament, ‘TTIP: Beware What Lies Beneath’, http://ttip2016.eu/ho-
me-en.html; Global Justice Now, ‘ What is TT IP?’, http://www.globaljustice.org.
uk/what-ttip; War on Want, ‘ What is TTIP?’, http://www.waronwant.org/what-
ttip.
2 See H. Pitlik, ‘Lack of Trust, Campaigning and Opposition against the TTIP ’, in
E. Gnan and R. Kronberger (eds), Transatlantische Handels- und Investitionspart-
nerschaft zwischen der EU und den USA (TTIP) (Facultas, Vienna, 2016) 221-232.
Fernando DIAS SIMÕES*
* Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law of the University of Macau (China), fernan-
dodsimoes@umac.mo. All web references were accessed on 19 April 2017.
352 LA POLÍTICA DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA EN MATERIA DE DERECHO DE LAS INVERSIONES INTERNACIONALES
FERNANDO DIAS SIMÕES
gards the alleged lack of transparency of the negotiation process.3 is con-
cern is by no means unprecedented. As is the case with most international
trade and investment negotiations, talks on the TTIP are not held in pub-
lic. e European Union is represented in the negotiation process by o-
cials from the European Commission Directorate-General for Trade, who
meet with their counterparts from the United States in private. According
to some commentators, the negotiation behind closed doors of an interna-
tional agreement with tremendous economic and social impact undercuts
democratic values.4 e secrecy of the negotiations is perceived by others as
3 See, e.g., K. Knoll et al., ‘Safeguarding Consumer Rights and Protection in the
TAFTA/TTIP ’, in D. Cardoso et al. (eds), e Transatlantic Colossus: Global Con-
tribution to Broaden the Debate on the EU/US Free Trade Agreement, published
in November 2013, 28-33, at 29, https://drive.google.com/le/d/0B_JwAVpWmq-
N4U3FQX3RGQjRXem8/edit; M. Garrido, ‘Business as Usual: On Untranspa-
rency, Lack of Participation, and Unnacountability in Free Trade Negotiations’,
in D. Cardoso et al. (eds), e Transatlantic Colossus: Global Contribution to
Broaden the Debate on the EU/US Free Trade Agreement, published in Novem-
ber 2013, 38-43, at 39, https://drive.google.com/le/d/0B_JwAVpWmqN4U3F-
QX3RGQjRXem8/edit; M. Stoczkiewicz and E. Pica, ‘EU and US both rea-
tened by Secret Trade Talks’, published on 16 December 2013, https://euobserver.
com/opinion/122467; S. Dullien et al., ‘A Fresh Start for TTIP’, European Council
on Foreign Relations, published in February 2015, at 6, http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/
ECFR124_-_TTIP.pdf; Adrienne Héritier et al., ‘e European Parliament as a
Driving Force of Constitutionalisation’, European Parliament, Directorate General
for Internal Policies, published in October 2015, at 93, http://www.europarl.euro-
pa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/536467/IPOL_STU(2015)536467_EN.pdf;
C. Ser fati, ‘e Transatlantic Bloc of States and the Political Economy of the
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)’, 9(1) Work Organisation,
Labour and Globalisation (2015) 7-37, at 19; T. Lee, ‘TTIP Must Protect Jobs,
Workers and Public Services’, 50(6) Intereconomics (2015) 317-321, at 318.
4 G. Monbiot, ‘is Transatlantic Trade Deal is a Full-frontal Assault on Democra-
cy’, e Guardian, published on 4 November 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/
commentisfree/2013/nov/04/us-trade-deal-full-frontal-assault-on-democracy;
A. Hartmann, ‘TAFTA/TTIP: NO ank You! at ’s Not what a Transatlantic
Partnership Means’, in D. Cardoso et al. (eds), e Transatlantic Colossus: Global
Contribution to Broaden the Debate on the EU/US Free Trade Agreement, published
in November 2013, 21-23, at 22, https://drive.google.com/le/d/0B_JwAVpWmq-
N4U3FQX3RGQjRXem8/edit.
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