New Governance Mechanisms Mainstreaming National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Policies into the Local Level in the Brazilian Amazon

AutorCarlos Germano Ferreira Costa
CargoDoctor en Ambiente y Desarrollo Internacional (Conflictos y Gobernanza Ambiental) por la Universidad Federal del Ceará, con Posdoctorado en Gestión de Riesgos Agrarios y Medioambientales, en el centro mixto -Ceigram/itdUPM- de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Páginas135-151
ESTUDIOS 135
Nuevos Mecanismos de Gobernanza que incorporan las políticas
nacionales de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático
en el nivel local en la Amazonia brasileña
New Governance Mechanisms Mainstreaming National Climate
Change Adaptation and Mitigation Policies into the Local Level
in the Brazilian Amazon
Carlos Germano Ferreira Costa
Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Innovación y Comunicaciones (MCTIC) (Brasil)
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-7281
carloscostainspira@gmail.com
NOTA BIOGRÁFICA
Doctor en Ambiente y Desarrollo Internacional (Conflictos y Gobernanza Ambiental) por la Universidad
Federal del Ceará, con Posdoctorado en Gestión de Riesgos Agrarios y Medioambientales, en el centro
mixto –Ceigram/itdUPM– de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Actualmente trabaja para el MCTIC
(Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, e Innovación de Brasil), como Consultor Técnico para la Cuarta Comu-
nicación Nacional de Brasil para la UNFCCC. Su labor investigadora y docente se vincula a la gestión de
reducción de riegos de desastres, gobernanza ambiental y territorial, y el análisis ambiental.
ABSTRACT
Research in the field of Global Environmental Governance (GEG) pays considerable attention to the
emergence of New Governance Mechanisms (NGM). NGM poses profound challenges to governments and
institutions in the Developed and Developing world alike, corresponding to new ways of participation. This
article seeks to contribute to the debates on NGM by analyzing a municipal-level environmental governance
scheme based on deforestation-free commitments emerged in 2011 in Brazil, that has successfully helped
to reduce deforestation in the participant municipalities; the Green Municipalities Program (PMV). We also
shed some lights on the risks represented by promises of changes in federal environmental legislation by
the newly elected government of Brazil. It is secondary research based on official data analysis that provided
a cost-effective way of gaining a broad understanding of the mainstreaming of National and State climate
change mitigation and adaptation policies into the local level, as well as a report of the governance of policy
instruments in NGMs. Methodologically we rely on the method of data and text analysis, based on the study
of the PMV Statistical Database, which gives visibility to a broad range of environmental, social, and territorial
data and information for the 144 municipalities of the Pará State, through six different types of official reports.
KEYWORDS
Amazon Biome; Sustainable Development Pathways; Climate Governance; Deforestation-Free Commitments;
Policy Instruments; Green Municipalities Program.
RESUMEN
La investigación en el campo de la gobernanza ambiental global (GEG) presta una atención considerable
a la aparición de Nuevos Mecanismos de Gobernanza (NMG). NMGs plantean desafíos profundos a
GAPP, número 23, mayo-octubre de 2020
Sección: ESTUDIOS
Recibido: 06-01-2019
Modicado: 15-03-2019
Aceptado: 16-03-2019
DOI: 10.24965/gapp.i23.10641
Páginas: 135-151
ESTUDIOS 136
Carlos Germano Ferreira Costa
New Governance Mechanisms Mainstreaming National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Policies into the Local Level ...
GAPP. Nueva Época – N.o 23, mayo-octubre 2020 – ISSN: 1989-8991 – DOI: 10.24965/gapp.i23.10641 – [Págs. 135-151]
los gobiernos e instituciones en el mundo Desarrollado y en Desarrollo por igual, correspondientes a
nuevas formas de participación. Este artículo busca contribuir a los debates sobre NMGs mediante el
análisis de un esquema de Gobernanza ambiental a nivel municipal basado en compromisos libres de
deforestación surgido en 2011 en Brasil, que ha ayudado con éxito a reducir la deforestación en los
municipios participantes; El Programa Municipios Verdes (PMV). También arrojamos algunas luces
sobre los riesgos representados por las promesas de cambios en la legislación ambiental federal por
parte del nuevo gobierno electo de Brasil. Es una investigación secundaria basada en el análisis de
datos oficiales que brindó una manera rentable de obtener una comprensión amplia de la integración
de las políticas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático en varios niveles y en el nivel local,
así como un informe de la gobernanza de los instrumentos de política en NMGs. Metodológicamente,
nos basamos en el método de análisis de datos y texto, basado en el estudio de la base de dados
estadísticos del PMV, que da visibilidad a una amplia gama de datos e información ambiental, social
y territorial de los 144 municipios del estado de Pará, a través de seis tipos diferentes de informes
oficiales.
PALABRA CLAVE
Bioma Amazónico; Caminos de Desarrollo Sostenible; Gobernanza Climática; Compromisos Libres de
Deforestación; Instrumentos de Política; Programa Municipios Verdes.
SUMARIO
1. INTRODUCTION. 2. METHODOLOGY. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 3.1 THE WAY(S) TO ACHIEVE
SUSTAINABLE GOVERNANCE. 3.2 THE MOMENTUM THAT LED TO THE EMERGENCE OF INNOVATI-
VE FOREST GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS IN BRAZIL. 3.3 THE GREEN MUNICIPALITIES PROGRAM.
3.4 POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVEMENT AND PERCEIVED LIMITATIONS. 4. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS.
FUNDING. REFERENCES. SOURCES.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
Climate change, along with inequality, is one of the most significant moral and environmental issues of
our time. A viable way to combat climate-related risks requires all –Developed and Developing nations, and
the rich and the poor peoples alike, to limit their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to what might be conside-
red a «fair share» of safe global emissions 2. In turn, it will demand the highest attention to the moral impera-
tives of climate change based on the fact that all of 197 Parties have agreed to adopt policies and measures
–through «Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)»– to prevent «dangerous anthropocentric interferen-
ce with the climate system» under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
(UNFCC, 1992: Art. 2; UNFCCC, 2019). As of March 2019, 185 Parties have ratified the Paris Agreement,
which entered into force on 4 November 2016 (UNFCCC, 2019; UNTC, 2019). To date, the United States of
America is the only Party expressing intention of exercise its right to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, as
soon as it is eligible to do so under the Agreement (UNFCCC, 2017).
In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 12 of the Paris Agreement, NDCs are at the heart of the Paris
Agreement and the achievement of these long-term goals. In this regard, 182 Parties have submitted their
first NDCs, and 1 Party has submitted their second NDCs (UNFCCC, 2019a).
As the demands for agricultural production continue to grow, and the restrictions on where and how we
can produce and protect become equally more prevalent, the comprehension of climate actions related to
deforestation goes beyond a mere description of a vital environmental issue, we must review its concepts
under a perspective of imbalance in power relations. For this reason, our approach focus on the analysis of
innovative forest governance schemes as a manner to shed some light on the search for solutions to the
current political and environmental challenging panorama.
1 FUNDING: “Erasmus Mundus SMART2 support” (Project Reference: 552042-EM-1-2014-1-FR-ERA MUNDUS-MA2) coordina-
ted by CENTRALESUPELEC.
2 UNFCCC. Paris Agreement - Status of Ratification. Brazil currently commits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% below
2005 levels in 2025. Subsequent indicative contribution: reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% below 2005 levels in 2030 (NDC, 2015).

Para continuar leyendo

Solicita tu prueba

VLEX utiliza cookies de inicio de sesión para aportarte una mejor experiencia de navegación. Si haces click en 'Aceptar' o continúas navegando por esta web consideramos que aceptas nuestra política de cookies. ACEPTAR