Extractes - Abstracts - Extractos

AutorEscola d'Administració Pública de Catalunya
Páginas223-234

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«Tort» and the law of torts Albert Lamarca i Marquès

In the context of AngloSaxon law, the legal framework of extracontractual civil responsibility is known as the Law of Torts. Such difference in the use of legal terms is the result of criteria derived from the legal systems of Civil Law and Common Law.

In this article, the author wants to emphasize the fact that the English word «tort», which is at present being introduced in the legal language of the Civil Law system, has its origins in Romance languages and was used in feudal times by such languages with a similar legal meaning. In order to prove this point, the author contributes lexicographic data from different Romance languages,and documents its use in ancient Catalan legal texts, such as the Usatges de Barcelona, the Constitutions i Altres Drets de Catalunya, and the Costums de Tortosa,

The author concludes by arguing that the word «tort», despite its legal content in traditional Catalan law, is no longer used as a strictly legal term.

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«Tort» y the law of torts Albert Lamarca i Marquès

El derecho de la responsabilidad civil extracontractual es conocido como Law of Torts en el ámbito del derecho anglosajon. Esta diferencia terminologica responde a criterios de civilizacion, la del Civil Law y la del Common Law.

El autor, en el presente artículo, quiere poner de relieve que la palabra inglesa tort, que actualmente se esta introduciendo en el vocabulario juridico de la cultura del Civil Law, tiene un origen romanico y que fue usado en el contexto del feudalismo por las lenguas románicas con un significado juridico similar. Para ello aporta informacion lexicografica en diferentes lenguas romanicas y documenta el uso de la palabra en textos jun'dicos catalanes antiguos, tales como los Usatges de Barcelona, las constituciones y otros derechos de Catalufia, y los Costums de Tortosa.

El autor concluye afirmando que la palabra tort, a pesar de su contenido juridico en el derecho Catalan traclicional, esta ahora en desuso como termino propio del lenguaje jurfdico.

Consuetudines Episcopatus Gerundensis Matilde Conde and M. Jose Lopez de Ayala

Rules of the ecclesiastical chapter of the Girona bishopric, compiled and edited in 1439 by Tomàs Mieres and transcribed in the 18th century, printed on paper from the second half of that century, reaching a total of 107 numbered pages, that comprise the Latin text. In addition, there are 26 unnumbered pages that correspond to the indexed list of the rules, as well as a final glossary in Spanish, which complements the edition. The Latin text features marginalia from the same period that even appear in the same writing style.

These rules, which were found in the books of the Girona scholars in a disorderly manner, are reorganized by the author, with the assistance of a number of honorable barons and teachers from the diocese in a coherent compilation of easy reference.

The Latin text comprises, in 71 epigraphs, the legislation regarding personal rights and mores of the different kinds of peasants associated to the parish churches of the Girona diocese.

The marginalia clarify and expand some of the concepts, usually referring back to their sources.

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The part in Spanish, in the 30 sections, offers an explanation of the various ancient terms, compiled from previous manuscripts related to specific Men [...] and to the rights and duties of each one of them, with extensive bibliographical data.

According to the report by Dr. Sanchez Mariana, director of the department of manuscripts at the National Library in Madrid, it is an anonymous manuscript whose first printed edition was prepared in the 18th century.

Consuetudines Episcopatus Gerundensis Matilde Conde i M. José López de Ayala

Consuetes del Bisbat de Girona, recopilades i redactades per Tomàs Mieres l'any 1439 i transcrites el segle xvm, en paper de la segona meitat d'aquell mateix segle, amb un total de 107 pagines numerades, que recullen el text llatí. A més, hi ha 26 pàgines sense numerar que corresponen a l'índex de les Consuetes i a un glossari final en castella, que complementa aquesta obra. El text llatí presenta unes notes marginals de la mateixa època i fins i tot amb la mateixa lletra.

Aquestes regies, que es trobaven als llibres dels Perits de Girona de manera desordenada, són reorganitzades per l'autor, amb l'ajuda d'una sèrie d'honorables barons i mestres de la diocesi, en una compilacio coherent i de consulta assequible.

El text llatí reuneix, en 71 epígrafs, la legislacio referent als drets personals, usos i costums pel que fa a les diferents classes de llauradors que pertanyien a les Esglésies Parroquials de la Diocesi de Girona.

Les notes marginals aclareixen i amplien alguns conceptes remetent, generalment, a les fonts.

La part castellana, als 30 apartats, dona una explicacio de diferents termes antics, recollits de manuscrits anteriors relatius a Homes propis [...] i als drets i obligations de cada un d'ells, amb informació bibliogràfica abundant.

Segons l´informe del Dr. Sanchez Mariana, director de la Seccio de Manuscrits de la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid, es tracta d'un manuscrit an6nim, l'edicio del qual es va preparar el segle XVIII.

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Incidence of the framework convention on the protection of national minorities in the Statute of regional or minority languages M. Angels Clotet i Miró

In order to attain a democratic and stable Europe, it is necessary to solve the situation of the minorities, regardless of whether or not they are linked to a minority language.

The European Chart of regional and minority languages, an international agreement of the European Council passed in 1992, aims at ensuring European plurilingualism, protecting historical languages as an essential element of culture. The Framework Convention on the protection of national minorities, passed in 1994 and open to nonmember states, aims at protecting such minorities, as well as linguistic minorities, through principles —without specific measures— that the states need to apply in their legislations.

These two documents are the first mandatory legal tools in international law on this subject. Neither of them, however, acknowledges minority rights, in spite of the insistence on this point on the part of the Parliamentary Assembly of the European Council.

Following an overview of the sociolinguistic situation in Europe and a presentation of the previous international legal framework regarding minorities, mention is made of the goals and strategies of the abovementioned documents, whereupon their obligations and common principles, and the complementary ones of the Framework Convention as regards the Chart, as well as their control mechanisms —with a very weak guarantee system of execution—, are specified.

In spite of the positive aspects of the Framework Convention on the protection of national minorities, the fact that it does not guarantee any rights, especially language rights, shows that it is not a serious enough answer to the problem presented by the ethnolinguistic map of Europe.

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Incidencia del conveniomarco para la proteccón de las minorías nacionales en el estatuto de las lenguas regionales o minoritarias M. Angels Clotet i miró

Para conseguir una Europa democratica y estable, es necesario solucionar la situacion de las minorfas, estén o no vinculadas a una lengua minoritaria.

La Carta europea de las lenguas regionales o minoritarias, convenio internacional del Consejo de Europa aprobado en 1992, tiene por objetivo asegurar el plurilingiiismo en Europa, protegiendo las lenguas historicas como elemento esencial de la cultura. El Conveniomarco para la proteccion de las minorfas nacionales, aprobado en 1994 y abierto a estados no miembros del Consejo de Europa, pretende proteger a estas minorfas, y a las minorfas lingüísticas, mediante principios —sin medidas concretas— que los estados deben cumplir con sus legislaciones.

Estos dos documentos suponen los primeros instrumentos jurÍdicos obligatorios en derecho internacional en esta materia. Sin embargo, ninguno de ellos reconoce los derechos de las minorÍas, a pesar de la insistencia sobre este punto de la Asamblea Parlamentaria del Consejo de Europa.

Tras exponer la situacion sociolingüística en Europa y presentar el anterior marco jurídico internacional de las minorías, se destacan los objetivos y líneas de acción de los documentos arriba mencionados. A continuation se especifican las obligaciones y principios comunes de ambos documentos y los complementarios del Conveniomarco respecto a la Carta, así como sus mecanismos de control, con un sistema de garantías de ejecucion muy débil.

A pesar de los aspectos positivos que posee el Conveniomarco para la proteccion de las minorias nacionales, el hecho de no garantizar derechos, sobre todo derechos linguisticos, indica que no es una respuesta suficientemente seria al problems que plantea el mapa etnicolingüístico de Europa.

The legal recovery of a toponym; a Coruña Lois Cambeiro Cives

The 3/1983 Law of Linguistic Normalization of Galicia establishes that public institutions in Galicia are to encourage the normal use of the Galician language, and it states that the only official toponyms of Galicia are those written in Galician. On the other hand, in 1988 Parliament passed a law establishing the use of Galician by local entities.

In spite of these measures, the La Coruña city government has resisted and even deliberately prevented the use of the city's official toponym (A Coruna) and the use of Galician in all municipal statements. The Mesa pola Normalization Lingiiistica has appealed to several legal bodies (the Defender of the Galician People, the Xunta and, finally, the Supreme Court of Galicia) to make the city government of La Coruna enforce the current legislation. On July 28th, 1994, the Court passed its sentence and determined that the official name of the city was indeed A Coruna, and that the city hall ought to make an effort to use Galician with no further delays.

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The city government, however, has continued to resist the application of the sentence and has submitted an abrogation appeal to the Supreme Court. Since this move entailed new delays, the Mesa requested the temporary and progressive execution of the sentence and the Galician Court agreed. In spite of this, the city government of La Coruna keeps on obstructing the normalization of Galician and presenting unconvincing arguments and excuses that only prevent the application of the sentence and are an obstacle to the action of Justice.

La recuperació legal d' un topònim: a Coruña Lois Cambeiro Cives

La Llei 3/1983, de normalització lingüística de Galicia, estableix que els poders publics de Galicia han de promoure l'us normal de la llengua gallega, i indica que Tunica forma oficial dels toponims de Galicia és la gallega. D'altra banda, el Parlament va aprovar el 1988 una llei que establia l'us del gallec per part de les entitats locals.

No obstant aquestes mesures, l'Ajuntament de La Corunya s'ha resistit i fins i tot ha obstaculitzat deliberadament l'us del toponim oficial de la ciutat (A Coruna) i l'us del gallec en totes les comunicacions municipals. La Mesa pola Normalizacion Lingüística s'ha adrecat a diverses instancies (el defensor del poble gallec, la Xunta i, finalment, el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galícia) per tal que l'Ajuntament de La Corunya apliques la llei vigent. El 28 de juliol de 1994 el Tribunal va dictar sentencia i va determinar que el nom oficial del municipi era efectivament A Coruna i que l'Ajuntament s'havia d'esforcar a fer servir la llengua gallega sense més dilacions.

L'Ajuntament, perd, s'ha continuat resistint a aph'car aquesta sentència i ha presentat un recurs de cassacio davant el Tribunal Suprem. Com que això implicava nous retardaments, la Mesa va sollicitar l'execucio provisional i progressiva de la sentencia i el Tribunal gallec hi va accedir. Malgrat aixo, l´Ajuntament de La Corunya continua posant traves a la normalitzacio del gallec i presentant excuses poc coherents que no fan sino impedir l'aplicacio de la sentència i obstaculitzar l'accio de la Justicia.

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Language planning and political programs: Perspectives and questions for an interdisciplinary field Albert Bastardas i Boada

One of the errors that can be frequently spotted in the study of the politics and planning of language matters is the fragmentary perspective in which they are created. Reality is, on the contrary, interrelated and overlapping. This is why the ecological perspective stresses the importance of the study of the contexts of the phenomena, that is to say, of their external relations. The direction to be followed is towards an understanding of reality as a set of open systems with a continuous interchange with the ecosystem of which they are a part, being aware of the fact that the apparent stability is always the result of a dynamic balance. The advance towards an interdisciplinary mode is therefore necessary and peremptory.

Headings such as status j normative j institution visàvis others such as solidarity / normal / individual seem to imply a basic distinction of the definition of sociocultural reality. To discover and understand the dynamics of the interaction between these two great categorical orders is, in fact, one of the most important subjects waiting to be addressed by language planning and political strategies, and, in general, by sociolinguistics, as well.

The fundamental macroquestion of the field could thus be stated in the following terms: what group or organization, and with what aim, wants to obtain what, where, how, when, and obtains what, and why? This way, even if how they obtain the desired goal —that is, the actual intervention— is included as one of the main elements, the research does not exclusively devote itself to this topic, but rather frames it and interrelates it with all the other elements that globally participate in this phenomenon, trying to establish a clear theoretical understanding of the corresponding events and processes.

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Politica y planificacion linguisticas: Perspectivas y preguntas para un campo interdisciplinario Albert Bastardas i Boada

Una de las faltas que pueden detectarse con frecuencia en el terreno de los estudios sobre política y planificacion lingüísticas es la perspectiva fragmentaria con que son realizados. La realidad es, en cambio, imbricada e interrelacionada. Por esto, la perspectiva ecologica pone su enfasis en la importancia del estudio de los contextos de los fenomenos, es decir, de sus relaciones exteriores. Hay que ir hacia una conception de la realidad como conjunto de sistemas abiertos con un continuo intercambio con el ecosistema del que forman parte, siendo conscientes de que la estabilidad aparente es siempre el resultado de un equilibrio dinámico. El avance hacia la interdisciplinariedad es, por tanto, necesario y perentorio.

Rubricas como estatus/normativo/institución contrapuestos a solidaridad/normal/individuo parecen expresar una distincion basica de la definition de la realidad sociocultural. Descubrir y entender la dinámica de la interaction entre estas dos grandes órdenes categoriales es, de hecho, uno de los grandes temas pendientes de la politica y la planificacion lingüísticas y, en general, de la sociolingüística.

La macropregunta fundamental del campo podría ser, pues: ¿Qué grupo u organización, con qué objetivo, quiere conseguir qué, dónde, c6mo, cuándo, y consigue qué, y por qué? Asi, aun incluyendo como uno de los elemenros centrales el como se consigue el objetivo propuesto —es decir, la intervention realizada—, la investigacion no hace de este su unico objeto de estudio, sino que lo enmarca y entrelaza con el resto de los elementos que participan globalmente en el fenÓmeno, intentando construir una clara comprension teorica de los acontecimientos y los procesos correspondientes.

The article 23 of the Canadian Rights and Freedom Chart and schooling facilities for the Frenchspeaking minority, 19821995 Demographic and linguistic confirmations of a structural emancipation. Angeline Martel

Article 23 of the Canadian Rights and Freedom Chart, promulgated in 1982, gave the Frenchspeaking minority in Canada the right to receive an education in the minority language and to have their own edu

cational institutions. This text addresses the issue of the demographic and linguistic changes that the said article has encouraged in terms of schooling facilities and enrolment, the affected parties and the number of Frenchspeaking children between 1982 and 1995. Moreover, it shows that the power relations between minorities and the majority that have been involved in the execution of article 23 have had paradoxical effects. The militancy, judicial claims and the establishment of institutional structures for the minorities have contributed to an increase of schooling facilities and enrolment, as well as of French speakers. Once the judicial process wanes, however, the demographic and linguistic benefits also wane.

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L'article 23 de la carta canadenca i els efectItus escolars de les minories francÒfones, 19821995 Constatacions demogràfiques i lingüístiques d'una emancipacio estructural. Angeline Martel

L'article 23 de la Carta Canadenca de Drets i Llibertats, promulgada el 1982, atorgava als francofons minoritaris del Canada els drets a rensenyament en la llengua de la minoria i a gaudir d'institucions escolars propies. Aquest text aborda els canvis demogràfics i linguistics que 1'article esmentat ha afavorit pel que fa als efectius escolars, a les escoles, als interessats i al nombre d'infants de Ilengua materna francesa entre 1982 i 1995. Així mateix, mostra que les relacions de poder entre minories i majoria que han envoltat l'execució de l'article 23 han tingut efectes paradoxals. La militancia, les reivindicacions judicials i l'establiment d'estructures institucionals pertanyents a les minories han contribu'it a un augment dels efectius, de les escoles i dels parlants de francès. De tota manera, quan s'atenua el proces judicial, s'atenuen també els guanys demogràfics i linguistics.

Linguistic aspects of the new democracy Oleksander Butsenko

The general enthusiasm triggered by the proclamation of the new independent state of Ukraine seemed to point towards a strong development of Ukrainian language and culture. Such expectations, however, faded very quickly.

The reasons for such unexpected regression, which was even accompanied by an increase in the use of the Russian language in the new Ukraine,. are strongly linked to political and economic problems of the new state and can moreover be explained in terms of the various discrediting political strategies —launched by both tsarist and Soviet power groups; the latter having also promoted the national and linguistic renaissance of the Ukraine— and of the reforms that the Ukrainian language has undergone, which have resulted in the present linguistic confusion.

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Another reason that makes the Ukrainian case unique is the difficulty entailed in not having a historical tradition as a state and in having to overcome the strong tendencies of the Russian empire and of the totalitarian system of the Soviet Union, with a social security ensured by the state. The great social differences caused by the loss of such social security are the reason for the lack of interest in national and linguistic matters since the Ukrainian language is now seen as associated to the ideology that has caused the decline in the quality of life.

The meager support from the state to the development of the language and the lack of intellectuals due to the oppressions of the Soviet period, are additional elements that impel the retrogression that Ukrainian is nowadays going through.

The difficult language situation in the Ukraine is dependent on the ful-fillment of a basic goal: the establishment and development of a democratic state. In this respect, the ignorance of the actual situation on the part of the leading politicians turns the near future of the Ukrainian language into a not entirely hopeful prospect.

Els aspectes linguistics de la nova democràcia Oleksander Butsenko

L'entusiasme general per la proclamació del nou estat independent d'Ucraïna apuntava cap a un fort desenvolupament de la cultura i la llengua ucraïneses. Aquestes expectatives, però, van desaparèixer ràpidament.

Les causes del retroce"s inesperat amb, fins i tot, un increment en l'us de la llengua russa a la nova Ucraïna, estan fortament lligades als problemes polítics i economics d'aquest nou estat i s'expliquen, a mes, per les diverses polítiques de desprestigi —organitzades tant pels poders tsaristes com pel poder soviètic, el qual també havia promogut el ressorgiment nacional i linguistic a Ucraïna— i per les reformes que ha patit aquesta llengua, que han resultat en el caos linguistic actual.

Una altra raó que fa del cas ucraïnès un cas unic ha estat la dificultat de no haver tingut tradicio historica com a estat i d'haver de superar les fortes tendències de l'imperi rus i del sistema totalitari de la Unio Soviètica, amb una proteccio social garantida per l'estat. Les grans diferències socials causades per la perdua d'aquesta protecci6 social han produït el desinterès pels temes nacionals i linguistics, ja que l'ucraïnes ha quedat associat amb la ideologia que ha provocat el descens en el nivell de vida.

El poc suport estatal per al desenvolupament de la llengua i la manca d'intellectuals a causa de les opressions en epoques soviètiques, son elements addicionals que fomenten el retraces que experiments actualment l´ucraïnes.

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La cliffcil situacio de la llengua a Ucraina depèn del compliment d'un objectiu basic: l'establiment i el desenvolupament d'un estat democratic. En aquest sentit, la ignorancia de la realitat per part dels líders polics fa que el futur linguistic proper no sigui gaire esperancador.

Catalan language and computer use: an update Yvonne Griley i Martinez

Computers and languages are to a certain extent linked together since computer use is by nature goaloriented and practical. In this sense, language planning needs to take into account what language will be used in computer applications in order to attain full normalization.

Despite its being a slow process, there has been important progress in the spread of Catalan in computer media: the establishing of a specialized terminology, the number of publications, the adaptation into Catalan of software and hardware, and so on. In this sense, the 322/1992 Decree of the Generalitat allowed for the progressive introduction of computers in the bodies related to the autonomous Administration. On the other hand, a policy of financial support has also been launched to promote the language normalization both for hardware and software products, a program in which a good number of local businesses and multinational firms have participated.

It is necessary, on the other hand, to put more emphasis on certain aspects regarding language planning: to regulate the processes of packaging, labeling, writing of the instructions, installation and running of the computer products, to design a program of linguistic engineering for the Catalan language, to adapt multimedia technology to the teaching field, and so on. Only with this kind of measures will it be possible to spread the use of Catalan in computer applications, both at the level of home users and in more professionalized spheres (business, education, public administration).

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Lengua catalana e informatica: una actualizacion Yvonne Griley i Martinez

Informatica y lengua son de algún modo indisociables, ya que la informatica tiene un caracter finalista y aplicado. En este sentido, la planificacion lingüística debe tener en cuenta en que lengua se expresa la informatica para lograr una plena normalization.

A pesar de tratarse de un proceso lento, han tenido lugar progresos significativos en la difusion del Catalan en medios informaticos: creation de terminología especializada, numero de publicaciones, adaptation al Catalan de software y hardware, etcetera. En este sentido, el Decreto 322/1992 de la Generalidad de Cataluña permitió la implantation progresiva de la informatica en los organismos dependientes de la Administration autonomica. Por otra parte, tambien se ha impulsado una política de subvenciones para el fomento de la normalización lingüística tanto en productos de hardware como de software, programa en el que han participado numerosas empresas locales y multinacionales.

Es preciso, por otra parte, profundizar en determinados aspectos por cuanto respecta a la planificación lingüística: regular los procesos de etiquetado, embalaje, instrucciones, montaje y funcionamiento de los productos informáticos, diseñar un programa propio de ingenieria lingüística para el Catalán, adecuar la tecnología multimedia al ámbito de la ensenanza, etcetera. Solo con medidas de este tipo sera posible extender el uso del Catalan en la informatica, tanto a nivel de usuario domestico como en ambitos mas profesionalizados (empresa, educacion, Administration publica).

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