Crisis económica. Tercer Sector, Economía Social y Economía Solidaria en Francia
| Autor | Dr. Pascal Glémain |
| Cargo del Autor | Enseignant-chercheur titulaire à l'ESSCA. Chercheur associé au CRESS-Lessor Université de Rennes |
| Páginas | 89-107 |
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The "social economy in moving"2! Such as would be the french third sector in progress. Indeed, between the associationism (1848) and our contemporarian social & solidarity-based economy, we are in face with the "social economy" since the 1970’s, whom only juridical status characterize the different kind of its seminal families: associations, cooperatives, and mutual organizations. Under this approach, we haven’t got any consideration for citizens experiences to serve local territory, as social building areas, under the solidarity-based economy scheme. Moreover, we don’t forgotten that many social enterprises have had the ambition to become like the market-based enterprises, under an isomorphism strategy which had lived them towards an optimal size to struggle against capilastic firms (Laville, Glémain, 2010).
Nowadays, the "social economy" model seems to be more interested by his historical values about solidarity, and local development. Therefore, we think that french "third sector" will be "neither market-based or public-based", but social and solidarity-based. From charity to solidarity-
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based, the new way of french "social economy" would not be only a local "care" model against poverty growing. Can we be sure of that hypothese, in particular with a financial and Welfare-State crises?
For having some answers, we’re proceeding in two parts. In first one, we try to measure the impact of crisis on social and solidarity-based economy (among 10% of french GDP, and 10% of domestic employments). In the second one, we’ll analyse the french solidarity-based finance to serve local sustainable development model, as a new financial opportunity.
As we have red between the lines of many papers, social & solidarity-based economy appears like an "alternative to (re)discover in time of crises" (Drapéri, 2009). To understand this movment, we propose in one side to discuss some seminal elements of "our" plural economy (Laville, 2007). In the other side, we keep a focus on the associative economy which try to accomodate both economy and solidarity.
We accept for hypothesis that we are in front of a plural econonic model. In others words, rather than an "alternative" model, we think that we have a domestic plural economic model. This triptych is setting up on articulation between a private sector (profitable, market-based model), a public sector (public companies, and national or local administrations), and a social & solidarity-based sector (a private non profitable sector). If we consider this model, we obtain the following firms distribution by sector (fig.1):
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Figure 1
[SEE ATTACHED PDF]
Source: INSEE-CLAP, 2006. Traited by National Observatory of ESS-CNCRESS. Are not considered: agricultural and fishes activities.
As we seen, the main french economic sector is the private and profitable market-based economy (86% of the all domestic firms). But, if french politicians always consider major firms which come from market-based and public sectors, we show here that 9% of national firms are really forgotten. To consider them, maybe we have to evaluate the weight of each of the three sector in employment target (fig.2):
Figure 2
[SEE ATTACHED PDF]
Source: INSEE-CLAP, 2006. Traited by National Observatory of ESS-CNCRESS. Are not considered: agricultural and fishes activities.
If one people per 10 is working in social & solidarity-based economy, the contribution at the growth employment were about 18,6% from 2005 to 2006 (CNCRES 2009, 9). The essentiel of this growth comes from associations, as we can see with the following scheme (fig.3):
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Figure 3
[SEE ATTACHED PDF]
Source: INSEE-CLAP, 2006. Traited by National Observatory of ESS-CNCRESS. Are not considered: agricultural and fishes activities.
In spite of the weight of the cooperative sector, in particular with its cooperative banking system, we can consider the french social & solidarity-based economy model like an associative model. This model is’nt a charity one. Even if many of them are organizations for helping poeple in need, french associations "care" about all "people-in-relation-with". Maybe, therefore this sector is more feminine both than the private profit-based sector, an than the public-based sector (fig.4):
Figure 4
[SEE ATTACHED PDF]
Note of lecture: 1 - cooperative firms, 2- mutual firms, 3 - Associations, 4 - Fundations, 5 - Social & solidarity-based economy, 6 - market-based and profitable private economy (without ESS), 7 - public economy. Source: INSEE-CLAP, 2006. Traited by National Observatory of ESSCNCRESS. Are not considered: agricultural and fishes activities.
More precisely, we can show here, how we can distinguish social and solidarity-based activities in one side (85,1%), and the charities activities in the other side (14,9%) (tab.1):
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Table 1: Number of adhesions which are declared near the National Associations Repertory, 2010. Ventilation by theme, per cent (%)
| Culture and artistic activities | 57 128 | 22,6% |
| Sports, outdoor activities | 36 520 | 14,4% |
| Leisure clubs and relationships | 19 961 | 7,9% |
| Sociocultural Action | 15 355 | 6,0% |
| Interventions sociales | 5 192 | 2,0% |
| Voluntary development actions | 11 478 | 4,5% |
| Families and services for elder poeple | 3 226 | 1,3% |
| Health | 9 200 | 3,6% |
| Education, formation | 14 873 | 5,9% |
| Protection of economic interests | 9 910 | 3,9% |
| Employment Help, local development, economic solidarity | 6 556 | 2,6% |
| Environment | 16 420 | 6,5% |
| Community groups | 16 420 | 6,5% |
| Housing | 302 | 0,1% |
| Others activities | 37 850 | 14,9% |
| SUM of inscriptions | 254 029 | 100% |
Source: inspired by the French Official Journal. Statistic anlysis by « R & S » (2010).
If we are in front of more associations with a main social activity, so : could we say that french social economy is itself in crises?
As we can see in the following table (tab.2), main french associative firms are concerned by: teaching activities whom private schools under state’s responsibility, activities to promote precaution against deviance health behavior, medico-social housing, and social action without housing activities. Therefore, french associative sector hasn’t known the effect of crises, since 2008.
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Table 2: Répartition des associations par secteur d’activité
| Secteurs d’activité (selon les libellés INSEE) | Etablissements | Salariés | Masse salariale |
| Enseignement | 10,6% | 12,2% | 12,4% |
| Activités sportives | 17,4% | 3,8% | 3,0% |
| Activités liées à l’emploi | 0,8% | 2,1% | 1,2% |
| Activités humaines pour la santé | 2,1% | 7,3% | 11,0% |
| Hébergement médico-social | 5,6% | 18,0% | 20,5% |
| Action sociale sans Hébergement | 12,9% | 29,6% | 23,7% |
| Activités récréatives et de loisirs | 1,4% | 0,5% | 0,4% |
| Activités culturelles | 11,8% | 3,5% | 3,0% |
| Activités d’hébergement, de restauration et de tourisme | 3,7% | 2,2% | 2,2% |
| Recherche-développement scientifique | 0,5% | 0,4% | 0,6% |
| Agriculture, élevage, chasse pêche | 0,7% | 0,4% | 0,3% |
| Autres activités | 7,5% | 6,3% | 8,4% |
| Activités des Organisations non classées ailleurs | 25,0% | 13,7% | 13,3% |
| Total | 100,0% | 100,0% | 100,0% |
Source: ACOSS-URSSAF et MSA. Traitement R & S, 2010.
Since 2008, only 5 per cent of french association were falling down (tab.3), in particular in cultural and leisures sectors. In other words, we can accept the following hypothesis such as the french social economy sector is a more a para-public health and medico-social sector, than a charity-based sector to struggle against sustainable poverty.
Table 3: The falling down activities between 2008 and 2009
| Secteur d’activité | Pourcentage de permanence | Pourcentage de disparitions |
| Enseignement | 95,7% | 4,3% |
| Activités sportives | 95,1% | 4,9% |
| Activités liées à l’emploi | 96,6% | 3,4% |
| Activités pour la santé humaine | 97,1% | 2,9% |
| Hébergement médico-social | 98,0% | 2,0% |
| Action sociale sans hébergement | 96,3% | 3,7% |
| Activités récréatives et de loisirs | 93,5% | 6,5% |
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| Secteur d’activité | Pourcentage de permanence | Pourcentage de disparitions |
| Activités culturelles | 93,1% | 6,9% |
| Autres | 94,8% | 5,2% |
| Ensemble associations | 94,8% | 5,2% |
Source: ACOSS-URSSAF - Traitement R&S, 2010. Lecture: Among french associations which carry employments, only 4.3% have disappeared between 2008 and 2009.
For those associations which are still alive, their workforce has kwown a real growth about +1.3%. In the same time, their size is gone from 11.3 salary to 11.4 salary by firm, in average (R&S, 2010). And, the annual average wage by head has followed the same trend...
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